Contents

• Preamble
• 2-Carb-0. Historical development of carbohydrate nomenclature
  • 0.1. Early approaches
  • 0.2. The contribution of Emil Fischer
  • 0.3. Cyclic forms
  • 0.4. Nomenclature commissions
• 2-Carb-1. Definitions and conventions
  • 1.1. Carbohydrates
  • 1.2. Monosaccharides (aldoses and ketoses)
    • 1.2.1. Aldoses and ketoses
    • 1.2.2. Cyclic forms
  • 1.3. Dialdoses
  • 1.4. Diketoses
  • 1.5. Ketoaldoses (aldoketoses)
  • 1.6. Deoxy sugars
  • 1.7. Amino sugars
  • 1.8. Alditols
  • 1.9. Aldonic acids
  • 1.10. Ketoaldonic acids
  • 1.11. Uronic acids
  • 1.12. Aldaric acids
  • 1.13. Glycosides
  • 1.14. Oligosaccharides
  • 1.15. Polysaccharides
  • 1.16. Conventions for examples
• 2-Carb-2. Parent monosaccharides
  • 2.1. Choice of parent structure
  • 2.2. Numbering and naming of the parent structure
    • 2.2.1. Numbering
    • 2.2.2. Choice of parent name
    • 2.2.3. Choice between alternative names for substituted derivatives
• 2-Carb-3. The Fischer projection of the acyclic form
• 2-Carb-4. Configurational symbols and prefixes
  • 4.1. Use of D and L
  • 4.2. The configurational atom
  • 4.3. Configurational prefixes in systematic names
  • 4.4. Racemates and meso forms
  • 4.5. Optical rotation
• 2-Carb-5. Cyclic forms and their representation
  • 5.1. Ring size
  • 5.2. The Fischer projection
  • 5.3. Modified Fischer projection
  • 5.4. The Haworth representation
  • 5.5. Unconventional Haworth representations
  • 5.6. The Mills depiction
  • 5.7. Depiction of conformation
  • 5.8. Conformations of acyclic chains
• 2-Carb-6. Anomeric forms; use of α and β
  • 6.1. The anomeric centre
  • 6.2. The anomeric reference atom and the anomeric configurational symbol
  • 6.3. Mixtures of anomers
  • 6.4. Use of α and β
• 2-Carb-7. Conformation of cyclic forms
  • 7.1. The conformational descriptor
  • 7.2. Notation of ring shape
  • 7.3. Notation of variants
  • 7.4. Enantiomers
• 2-Carb-8. Aldoses
  • 8.1. Trivial names
  • 8.2. Systematic names
  • 8.3. Multiple configurational prefixes
  • 8.4. Multiple sets of chiral centres
  • 8.5. Anomeric configuration in cyclic forms of higher aldoses
• 2-Carb-9. Dialdoses
• 2-Carb-10. Ketoses
  • 10.1. Classification
  • 10.2. Trivial names
  • 10.3. Systematic names
  • 10.4. Configurational prefixes
• 2-Carb-11. Diketoses
  • 11.1. Systematic names
  • 11.2. Multiple sets of chiral centres
• 2-Carb-12. Ketoaldoses (aldoketoses, aldosuloses)
  • 12.1. Systematic names
  • 12.2. Dehydro names
• 2-Carb-13. Deoxy sugars
  • 13.1. Trivial names
  • 13.2. Names derived from trivial names of sugars
  • 13.3. Systematic names
  • 13.4. Deoxy alditols
• 2-Carb-14. Amino sugars
  • 14.1. General principles
  • 14.2. Trivial names
  • 14.3. Systematic names
• 2-Carb-15. Thio sugars and other chalcogen analogues
• 2-Carb-16. Other substituted monosaccharides
  • 16.1. Replacement of hydrogen at a non-terminal carbon atom
  • 16.2. Replacement of OH at a non-terminal carbon atom
  • 16.3. Unequal substitution at a non-terminal carbon atom
  • 16.4. Terminal substitution
  • 16.5. Replacement of carbonyl oxygen by nitrogen (imines, hydrazones, osazones etc.)
  • 16.6. Isotopic substitution and isotopic labelling
• 2-Carb-17. Unsaturated monosaccharides
  • 17.1. General principles
  • 17.2. Double bonds
  • 17.3. Triple bonds and cumulative double bonds
• 2-Carb-18. Branched-chain sugars.
  • 18.1. Trivial names
  • 18.2. Systematic names
  • 18.3. Choice of parent
  • 18.4. Naming the branches
  • 18.5. Numbering
  • 18.6. Terminal substitution
• 2-Carb-19. Alditols
  • 19.1. Naming
  • 19.2. meso Forms
• 2-Carb-20. Aldonic acids
  • 20.1. Naming
  • 20.2. Derivatives
• 2-Carb-21. Ketoaldonic acids
  • 21.1. Naming
  • 21.3. Derivatives
• 2-Carb-22. Uronic acids
  • 22.1. Naming and numbering
  • 22.2. Derivatives
• 2-Carb-23. Aldaric acids
  • 23.1. Naming
  • 23.2. meso Forms
  • 23.3. Trivial names
  • 23.4. Derivatives
• 2-Carb-24. O-Substitution
  • 24.1. Acyl (alkyl) names
  • 24.2. Phosphorus esters
    • 24.2.1. Phosphates
    • 24.2.2. Phosphonates
    • 24.2.3. Phosphinates
  • 24.3. Sulfates
• 2-Carb-25. N-Substitution
• 2-Carb-26. Intramolecular anhydrides
• 2-Carb-27. Intermolecular anhydrides
• 2-Carb-28. Cyclic acetals
• 2-Carb-29. Hemiacetals and hemithioacetals
• 2-Carb-30. Acetals, ketals and their thio analogues
• 2-Carb-31. Names for monosaccharide residues
  • 31.1. Glycosyl residues
  • 31.2. Monosaccharides as substituent groups
  • 31.3. Bivalent and tervalent residues
• 2-Carb-32. Radicals, cations and anions
  • 32.1. Radicals
  • 32.2. Cations
  • 32.3. Anions
  • 32.4. Radical ions
• 2-Carb-33. Glycosides and glycosyl compounds
  • 33.1. Definitions
  • 33.2. Glycosides
  • 33.3. Thioglycosides.
  • 33.4. Selenoglycosides
  • 33.5. Glycosyl halides
  • 33.6. N-Glycosyl compounds (glycosylamines)
  • 33.7. C-Glycosyl compounds
• 2-Carb-34. Replacement of ring oxygen by other elements
  • 34.1. Replacement by nitrogen or phosphorus
  • 34.2. Replacement by carbon
• 2-Carb-35. Carbohydrates containing additional rings
  • 35.1. Use of bivalent substituent prefixes
  • 35.2. Ring fusion methods
  • 35.3. Spiro systems
• 2-Carb-36. Disaccharides
  • 36.1. Definition
  • 36.2. Disaccharides without a free hemiacetal group
  • 36.3. Disaccharides with a free hemiacetal group
  • 36.4. Trivial names
• 2-Carb-37. Oligosaccharides
  • 37.1. Oligosaccharides without a free hemiacetal group
  • 37.2. Oligosaccharides with a free hemiacetal group
  • 37.3. Branched oligosaccharides
  • 37.4. Cyclic oligosaccharides
    • 37.4.1. Semisystematic names
    • 37.4.2. Systematic names
  • 37.5. Oligosaccharide analogues
• 2-Carb-38. Use of symbols for defining oligosaccharide structures
  • 38.1. General considerations
  • 38.2. Representations of sugar chains
  • 38.3. The extended form
  • 38.4. The condensed form
  • 38.5. The short form
• 2-Carb-39. Polysaccharides
  • 39.1. Names for homopolysaccharides
  • 39.2. Designation of configuration of residues
  • 39.3. Designation of linkage
  • 39.4. Naming of newly discovered polysaccharides
  • 39.5. Uronic acid derivatives.
  • 39.6. Amino sugar derivatives
  • 39.7. Polysaccharides composed of more than one kind of residue
  • 39.8. Substituted residues
  • 39.9. Glycoproteins, proteoglycans and peptidoglycans
• References
• Appendix. Trivial Names for Carbohydrates and Derivatives with their Systematic Equivalents and Symbols (non-limiting list)
  • (a) parent monosaccharides
  • (b) common trivial names
  • (c) trivial names formed by modification of non-standard monosaccharide parent names
• Glossary of Glycose-based Terms

Return to Carbohydrates home page.