The major emphasis of neonatal research has been the study of determinants of adverse outcomes following extremely preterm birth. This has involved long term collaborations between Professor Kate Costeloe and other institutions: the EPICure studies with Professor Marlow and studies of lung function with Professors Stocks and Dezateux. Other areas include the role of probiotics (Professor Kate Costeloe, Drs Shahid Hussain and Paul Fleming) in prevention of complications of prematurity in collaboration with the Dept of Microbiology in Barts Health, the use of Doppler ultrasound to study the neonatal circulation, particularly in relation to necrotizing enterocolitis (Dr Steve Kempley), mechanisms of placental transfer of nutrients, retinopathy of prematurity (Drs Shahid Husain, Ajay Sinha) and hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (Dr Divyen Shah).